Osteochondral defects (OCDs) of the knee are injuries affecting both cartilage and underlying bone. These lesions can result from trauma or degenerative conditions and may progress to osteoarthritis if untreated. Traditional treatments include microfracture and autografts, which have limited regenerative potential. UC-MSC stem cell provide a promising regenerative approach due to their capacity for chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation.
- Pathophysiology: OCDs involve focal damage to the articular cartilage and subchondral bone, disrupting joint congruency and load distribution. This leads to pain, swelling, and reduced mobility, often progressing to chronic joint degeneration.
- MSC stem cell Mechanism: UC-MSC stem cell promote repair by differentiating into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, aiding in cartilage and bone regeneration. They also modulate inflammation and stimulate local cell recruitment through the secretion of bioactive molecules.
- Administration: Intra-articular injection is commonly used, though some approaches involve combining UC-MSC stem cell with biomaterials or scaffolds directly applied to the defect during surgery.
- Clinical Evidence: Studies report reduced pain, improved function, and MRI-confirmed tissue regeneration following UC-MSC stem cell therapy for OCDs. Some trials demonstrate comparable or superior results to surgical interventions.
- Benefits: UC-MSC stem cell therapy provides a less invasive alternative to surgery, encourages natural tissue regeneration, and may prevent further joint degeneration.
- Challenges: Challenges include determining the optimal cell dose, delivery method, and patient selection criteria. Long-term efficacy data are still limited.
- Future Directions: Combining UC-MSC stem cell with advanced scaffolds, 3D printing, and growth factors may further enhance cartilage and bone repair. Personalized protocols and long-term monitoring are also areas of active research.
Conclusion: UC-MSC stem cell offer a regenerative solution for osteochondral defects of the knee, with the potential to restore joint integrity and delay or prevent osteoarthritis progression.